Personal Computer Basics

September 1st, 2011

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Your personal computer is a tool for information processing, storage and retrieval. It electronically performs tasks that were previously performed manually, and performs them quickly and more reliably. For example, before you can add a column of 100 numbers, a computer can add a column of 100,000 numbers or more, without error. Many of today’s personal computers can store more files and documents than four large office filing cabinets and still retrieve any individual file almost instantly.

The Two Sides Of The Computing System

The elements of  a computing system are divided into two categories:hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical component while software refers to the set of instructions that the hardware carries out in precise and logical manner, much like a recipe.

All personal computers are made up of the following  seven essential components

Hardware

  • a microprocessor
  • short term storage
  • long term storage
  • input devices
  • output devices
Software
  • operating system
  • applications program

Never and Always (Do’s and Don’ts)

October 11th, 2010

• When you are not using your disks, keep them in their sleeves and away from all electronic or magnetic equipment. Do not lay them on top of your monitor or computer power supply.

Always close the disk drive door after inserting any disk into the disk drive.

Never remove a disk from the disk drive while on the deskTop, or while you are using an application, without first closing the disk (unless you are specifically asked to do so by a dialog box).

• Always create and use work disks. Use the System disk only for booting or to rearrange your default files.

Never create a document on an original disk (i.e., one that comes with your GEOS package). Copy the applications onto work disks and create your documents from there. If, however, you do inadvertently create a document on an applications disk, follow this procedure:

1: Copy the document to a work disk (if you wish to save it).

2: Remove the document from the applications disk by dragging it to the border, depositing it there, then dragging it to the waste basket to delete it.

• Always make backup disks containing your document files in case a disk becomes damaged.

Never give two disks the same name; it is too easy for you and your computer to confuse the two. If one disk is to be a backup, vary its name slightly. For example, the backup for a disk called “Limericks” could be named “Limericks 2″ or “Limericks Backup”.

Never turn off your computer or reboot it if you are in an application. Go to the deskTop and close the disk before you exit the GEOS system.

Vintage Computer Tape Drive1 1024x819 Never and Always (Dos and Donts)

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What You Need to Run GEOS

October 2nd, 2010

You must have the following hardware and software in order to use GEOS:
• a Commodore 64 or 64C computer, or a Commodore 128 (running in 64 mode).

• a compatible monitor or TV. The best monitor to use is a Commodore 1702,1802,1902 or 1902A monitor. Televisions can be used, but the resolution is sharper with a Commodore monitor.

• an input device (joystick, mouse, Koala Pad, or Inkwell light pen).

• one 5 1/4 inch disk drive (1541 or 1571).

• GEOS package, which contains three program diskettes and this manual.

• blank 5 1/4 inch diskettes (for backup disks and work disks).

• The following optional equipment is recommended so that you can take full advantage of the power and versatility of GEOS. This equipment is not, however, necessary to the operation of GEOS.

• a RAM Expansion Unit (REU). With an REU the operating speed of GEOS is greatly increased. In addition, you will be able to dedicate more disk space to the GEOS program you are currently using.

• additional disk drives (1541,1571, or 1581). You can install two disk drives and a RAM Expansion Unit for use with GEOS.

• a GEOS supported printer.



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Welcome to GEOS

September 29th, 2010

Your new Graphic Environment Operating System (GEOS) ushers in a whole new world for your Commodore 64, 64c, or 128. GEOS brings you the power and ease that icons, windows, and pull-down menus provide. A simple keyboard command or click of your input device is all it takes to get the job done.

This manual is divided into 12 chapters:

1: Getting Started guides you through the initial process of installing GEOS, creating backup copies of your GEOS disks, booting GEOS, and exiting GEOS. Also included is general advice on using work disks.

2: Learning GEOS introduces you to some basic techniques necessary to manage GEOS applications and move around the system. A tutorial is provided to give you some hands-on experience; you will find that learning GEOS is fun and easy.

3: The GEOS deskTop describes in detail how you can move around GEOS, manage files, desk accessories, and applications, and use one to three disk drives. The GEOS deskTop has been upgraded to enable multiple file selection, file retrieval from the waste basket, more keyboard shortcuts, easier printer and input device default procedures, the ability to add or delete disk note pad pages, the use of a deskTop clock, and more.

4: geoPaint is a powerful color graphics program that enables you to create graphics in a wide variety of ways. geoPaint has been enhanced to include bitmap scaling, a grid, and special commands to create images precisely on the screen.

5: geoWrite 2.1 is an enhanced version of the easy-to-use “what you see is what you get” GEOS word processor.

6: geoSpell is a powerful spell-checking program that enables you to create and alter personal dictionaries.

7: geoMerge is a mail merge program that enables you to combine data from two documents to produce a customized form letters and mailing labels.

8: geoLaser is an application that enables you to print geoWrite and geoPaint documents on the Apple LaserWriter printer.

9: Text Grabber is an application that reads non-GEOS files from supported word processors and converts them to geoWrite format.

10: Paint Drivers is an application that creates one or more geoPaint documents from a geoWrite or geoPublish document. Once converted, the new document or series of documents can be enhanced with geoPaint” s graphic tools.

11: Desk Accessories are smaller applications that perform handy functions while on the deskTop or in an application. These accessories include the Alarm Clock, Calculator, Note Pad, Photo Manager, Text Manager, and Preference Manager. The Photo Manager and Text Manager have been enhanced to enable you to name, search for, and rename the pages of a photo album or text album. A new desk accessory, the Pad Color Manager, enables you to color file icons and the disk note pad on the deskTop.

12: Appendices include a glossary, listing of the options in all command menus, font samples, a detailed listing of the contents of each disk in your GEOS 2.0 package, and instructions for running the GEOS demonstration programs.



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Manipulating data in main computer storage

September 1st, 2010

Once data has been recorded in main computer storage, it can be referenced and manipulated. It can be moved to other locations in main computer storage, used in arithmetic operations, compared to other data in storage, or otherwise be processed to prepare the desired output information. This is possible because of the ability of the computer program to direct the electronic circuitry to extract data located at a specific address and use the data for processing.

In a Figure, a segment of the operations required to produce a printed report from data contained in punched cards is shown. Under control of the computer program, the data from the input record is read into main computer storage at a specific address. The fields in the input record area are then moved to the fields in the output area. The instructions causing this to happen will reference both the address of the input fields and the address of the output fields in main computer storage. The fields in the output record area are then written on the report.

The ability to address data stored in main computer storage and process it after it is addressed form the basis of the internal operations in a computer system.



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Use of main computer storage

August 28th, 2010

When a number, letter of the alphabet or special character is read from an input device into main computer storage or is moved from one location to another, the character is stored using its assigned bit configuration. Once a character or bit configuration has been stored in a location in main computer storage, it will remain in that location until another character is placed in the same location.
This feature of main computer storage has two important consequences. First, once data is placed in a location in storage, it will remain there until changed. This allows the program to reference the data for any processing which might be required while the program is being executed.
Second, since data which is moved to or read into a particular location in storage replaces the data which was stored there, a single set of instructions in a computer program which reference particular locations in main computer storage can be used to process many different records which would each be stored in the same storage locations as they are processed. This ability enables a computer programmer to write one sequence of instructions which can process hundreds or thousands of different records.
Figure 4-10 illustrates the processing that occurs as a series of area codes are entered into computer storage from a computer terminal. The first area code, 212, is entered from the terminal and is stored at storage locations 6000, 6001, and 6002. The field, once in storage, would then be processed as required.
When the second area code, 714, is entered from the terminal, it is also stored in storage locations 6000, 6001, and 6002. It replaces the value 212 which was previously stored in these locations. Area code 714 can then be processed by the same instructions which processed area code 212.



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Executing Instructions on a computer

August 23rd, 2010

The execution of an Instruction on the computer system involves the control unit of the CPU “fetching,” or obtaining, the instruction from main computer storage and placing the instruction in an instruction register. An instruction register is nothing more than a storage area within the control unit of the CPU which can store a single Instruction at a time.
The control unit will also fetch any data required for the execution of the Instruction and place the data in special “registers” which can be referenced by the arithmetic/logic unit of the CPU.
The arithmetic/logic unit of the CPU is then given control. It will per. form the actual execution of the instruction and store the answer in another register.
The control unit will then place the answer into main computer storage.



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The central processing unit

August 13th, 2010

Instructions stored in main computer storage control the operations which occur within the central processing unit. The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer system. It contains the electronic circuitry which actually causes processing to occur. The CPU interprets the instructions in a computer program, performs the calculations and the moving of data as specified by the program, and controls the input/output operations of the system.

The central processing unit, of course, is a part of the processor unit. The CPU consists of two major components: the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit.

The arithmetic/logic unit contains the electronic circuitry necessary to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also contains the circuitry required to perform logical operations such as comparing one number to another and indicating the results of that comparison.

The control unit directs and coordinates the entire computer system. Its tasks Include controlling the Input/output units, controlling the opera tions of the arithmetic/logic unit in the CPU, and transferring data to and from main computer storage.

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Computer instructions

August 11th, 2010

The operations performed by a computer are controlled by a computer program. A computer program consists of instructions to the electronics of the computer system to process data in some manner. Program instructions are stored in main computer storage as machine language instructions which the electronic circuits of the computer system can interpret and execute. A Knowledge of the basic characteristics of machine language instructions is useful in understanding how a computer operates.

A machine language instruction is composed of: 1) An operation code; 2) Values indicating the number of characters to be processed by the instruction; 3) The addresses of the data to be used in the processing.

The operation code is a unique value which is typically stored in a single byte. This unique value indicates to the computer electronics what operation is to occur. For example, the letter of the alphabet “A” stored as the operation code might indicate that an addition operation is to occur. The letter “0” might mean that division is to take place.

The number of characters to be processed must be included in a computer instruction so that the electronic circuitry of the processor unit will reference the proper number of digits in the field to be processed. For example, if a four digit field were to be added to another four digit field, the number of characters specified in the instruction for each field would be four.

The locations of the fields involved in the operation must be specified in the instruction. This enables the circuitry to identify where in storage the data to be processed is located.

Although the formats of computer instructions vary a great deal between different computer systems, the basic elements of operation code, number of characters to process, and the addresses of the data to be processed will almost always be present.

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